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- Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)Introduction A congenital heart defect that results in a communication between the left and right atrium. Clinical issues include exercise limitations, right heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke/TIA from paradoxycal embolism or pulmonary hypertension. Significant ASD usually defined by an absolute siz
- Cardiac Tamponade (OLD)Pericadium Membrane that consists of two layers surrounding the heart. Normally minimal fluid within this space usually less than 50ml. Accumulation of fluid results in high intrapericardial pressure which can result in compression of the cardiac chambers. The right ventrical is more sensitive to ch
- Cardiac TumoursCardiac tumours are rare. They are most often from metastatic disease, but primary cardiac tumours can occur. Approximately 75% of primary cardiac tumours are benign the vast majority of these being atrial myxomas. Malignant tumours are usually sarcomas. Clinically presentation can vary from asymp
- Echocardiography in Cardio-OncologyIntroduction Echocardiography plays a central role in the field of cardio-oncology Many of the trials use LVEF in the definition for cardio-toxicity Ongoing area of research to determine how early and how best to predict cardiac complications of cancer therapy Cardiac Complications of Chemotherapy a
- Echocardiography in Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyIntroduction Goals of Echo Determine presence, extent and pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy 15mm or greater diagnostic (13-14mm if family history) Image mitral valve and apparatus Primary valve abnormalities (longer leaflets) Apically displaced and hypertrophied papillary muscles Systolic an
- Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE)Introduction Are vegetations that develops from fibrous blood clots and platelet aggregation that are not the result of bacteria. They are likely the result of a number of factors including immune complexes, hypoxia, hypercoagulable state, and carcinomatosis. This is increasingly being recognized as
- Patent Foramen OvaleNon-Fusion of the septum secumdum and septum primum following birth. Common among the general population approximately 25%. Associated with cryptogenic strokes especially if large PFO, septal aneurysm, evidence of right to left shunt, and a prominent eustachian valve. Closure can be considered in s
- PericardiocentesisIntroduction Procedure to remove fluid from the pericardial space for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This is considered a lifesaving procedure for patients presenting with cardiac tamponade. Techniques to access pericardial space Blind Procedure: Rarely performed with the advent of ultrasound.
- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)A defect in the ventricular septum resulting in a communication between the right and left ventricle. Common congenital abnormality which occasionally requires surgical intervention. Can occur after a myocardial infarction usually to patients presenting late to hospital. Classically the smaller the