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- Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary ArteryIntroduction Coronary abnormalities are among the most common congenital cardiac anomalies with many of them being benign (prevalence ranging from 0.1 – 1%) Anomalous aortic origin of coronary artery (AAOCA) are associated with ischemia, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), espe
- Anomalous Aortic Origin of a Coronary Artery (GIF)Introduction Coronary abnormalities are among the most common congenital cardiac anomalies with many of them being benign (prevalence ranging from 0.1 – 1%) Anomalous aortic origin of coronary artery (AAOCA) are associated with ischemia, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), espe
- Aortic CoarctationIntroduction Stenosis of the descending aorta (in the area of ligamentum arteriosum) Rare in desc or abdominal aorta Usually discrete (sometimes aortic hypoplasia) Majority distal to L-subclavian Pathophysiology (proposed) Cells in the PDA migrate to the aorta. After birth, cells exposed to high pO2
- Apical Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyVariant of HCM. Predominantly effects the apex of the heart. Note the “Ace-of- Spades” appearance in the apical 4 and 2 chamber views characteristic of Apical HCM.
- Complete AV Septal DefectIntroduction Partial AV Canal Defect –> aka Primum ASD Complete AV Canal Defect ASD above the valve VSD below the valve Instead of 2 valves –> One large AV valve Comparison of normal and complete AVSD anatomy. (CDC Public Domain) Diagnosis Parasternal Long Parasternal Long Color Parasternal Short Ax
- Ebstein’s MalformationIntroduction Apical displacement of the septal and postero-lateral leaflets of the tricuspid valve resulting in: “Atrialized” RV above the valve (ratio) Small “functional” RV below the valve Very large anterior leaflet (attaches the same location while other leaflets shift apically) Severe RA enlarg
- Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyAbbreviations LVH: Left ventricular Hypertrophy HCM: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy SAM: Systolic Anterior Motion of Mitral Valve LV: Left ventricle Background Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is a genetic cardiomyopathy (prevalence approximately 1:500) caused by mutations in the sarcomere genes and has var
- Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyDisease that causes left ventricular hypertrophy Autosomal dominant Common disease affecting 1 in 500 people Differential Diagnosis Left ventricular hypertrophy is commonly seen on echocardiography. Therefore important to know the differential. Hypertension Aortic Stenosis Amyloidosis Anderson-Fabry
- PericarditisIntroduction Pericarditis is defined as inflammation of the pericardium. 90% of cases are idiopathic or related to viral infections. Complications can include: Pericardial effusion, tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis. Etiologies Idiopathic: most common, as exact cause is usually not identifie
- Pulmonary HypertensionObjectives Define and characterize pulmonary hypertension Interpret basic hemodynamics from a right heart catheterization (mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac output, etc.) Differentiate between pre-capillary and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension Start wor
- Pulmonary StenosisIntroduction Pulmonary stenosis is relatively common occurring in 7% of children with congenital heart disease Multiple types of pulmonary stenosis include, valvular (most common), subvalvular, and supravalvular Pulmonary stenosis is most commonly congenital but may be acquired Anatomy Pulmonary val
- Takotsubo CardiomyopathyAlso known as stress induced cardiomyopathy. Results in usually transient left ventricle dysfunction. Often patients have good prognosis as there ventricular function will usually recover within a few months. Need to rule out significant coronary disease to make diagnosis. Thought to be related to c